Biomedical Waste Management Practices in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Delhi

Surabhi Chaudhary; Jugal Kishore; Charu Kohli

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About The Authors

Surabhi Chaudhary

Jugal Kishore
Professor & HOD, Department of Community Medicine, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College, Delhi
India

BIODATA & OTHER DETAILS

DR. JUGAL KISHORE

Personal Information

Date of Birth : 01.07.1967 (1^st July Nineteen Sixty Seven)

Age : 49 years (1.7.2016)

Sex : Male,

Marital Status : Married,

Citizen : Indian Citizenship

Address : 46, Masih Garh, P.O: New Friends Colony, New Delhi 110025, India

Contact No. 91-11-26936958, 09868010950, 9582792331 (Mobile)

Website : http://drjugalkishore.blogspot.com

e-MAIL : drjugalkishore@gmail.com;

Present Job and Designation: Director Professor and Head of Department

Community Medicine Vardhman Mahavir Medical College, New Delhi 110002, India

Last Emoluments: Rs. 37400-67000 + 10000 + NPA

Educational Qualification

Degree Subject Year Institution

Bechlor of Medicine & Medical Science March 1990 MAMC#

Bechlor of Surgery (MBBS)

Doctor of Medicine (MD) Community Medicine Dec. 1993 AIIMS@

PG Cer. Health & Health Management July 1995 NIH &FW*

F. Wel. Mgt (PGCH&FWM)

PG Diploma in Ecology Ecology & Environment 1999-2001 Institute of Ecology

Environnent (PGDEE) & Environnent, N. Delhi

Master of Science (MSc) Sustainable 2000-2002 Sikkim Manipal Univ.

Development Health, M &Tech Ind**

Master of Science (MSc) Mental Health 2011-2013 The Global Open

University

PhD Psychiatry 2007-2014 Delhi University

______________________________________________________________________________________

# Maulana Azad Medical College, University of Delhi, New Delhi.

@ All Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi

* National Institute of Health & Family Welfare, Munirka, New Delhi

** Sikkim Manipal University of Health, Medical & Technology Sciences

Fellows of following Professional Bodies

International Medical Science Academy (FIMSA, elected 2015)
National Academy of Medical Sceince (FNAMS, Elected 2015)
Indian Public Health Association (FIPHA)
Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine (FIAPSM)
Indian Medical Association Academy of Medical Specialists (FIMAAMS)

Special Trainings Received

First Bioethics Workshop organized Central India Unit of UNESCO Chair in Bioethics, HAIFA PGIMER Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital New Delhi and IMA UNESCO Bioethics Nodal Center, IMA New Delhi on 11 Dec 2015; 5 hours credited from DMC.
Indo-Sweden training course on “designing Intervention studies ” at RD Gardi Medical College Ujjain Madhya Pradesh on 23 Oct 2004 -1^st November 2004;
Workshop on “A strategic Framework for reorientation and strengthening of All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health” on 9-11 July 2014 at Kolkata.
Expert Group Workshop for Universal Health Coverage (UHC) on 29^th April 2014 at National Institute of Health & Family Welfare New Delhi.
Workshop on Designing of PG Diploma in Health Communication at NIHFW 13^th August 2012.
Workshop/meeting on “Accreditation” organized by National Board of examination, NAMS building, New Delhi on 22^nd March 2012.
Workshop on “Implementation of research project proposal” organized by Department of pediatric Surgery MAMC & Lok Nayak Hospital New Delhi as faculty, 21^st Feb 2013.
One day orientation workshop on “Public Health Standards and Quality Assurance in Primary Health facilities” held on 13rd and 14^th Dec 2011 at Delhi Secretariat New Delhi
Workshop on “Strengthening of PG Practical Curriculum” at Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi 16-17^th March 2011.
Workshop on “Tobacco Control and De-addiction – Issue and Challenges” organized by IMA in collaboration with Government of India and WHO held at IMA House, IP Marg, New Delhi on 26^th June 2009.
Training of Trainers on Integrated Disease Surveillance Project for State and District Surveillance Officers of Phase III states. NIHFW, New Delhi from 12^th May 2008 to 17^th May 2008.
Workshop on “Designing Intervention studies ” at RD Gardi Medical College Ujjain Madhya Pradesh on 23 Oct 2004 -1^st November 2004;
“National Teachers Training in Medical Education Technology” held at Department of Medical Education, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi Feb 2001.
12. “Occupational Hygiene Course” conducted by Mr. John Erkins the Australian Team Leader, University of Queensland, in Strengthening and Capacity Building Programme an Indo-Australian Project held at LN hospital, in New Delhi, on 14^th- 24 Feb 2000.
“Workshop on Household Energy, Air Pollution and Health” participated by world leading environmental scientists and organized by World Bank, New Delhi, March 27 2000.
2^nd Fogarty Indo-US National Workshop training on “Understanding Urban Air Pollution: Role of Diesel Exhaust” conducted by COEH New Delhi and COEH, Berkeley, University of California, USA held in New Delhi 6-11 Nov 2000.
“Physician Training in Occupational Health” conducted by Prof. Phoon, Australian Expert in collaboration with COEH, held at New Delhi on 9-14^th Oct. 2000.
Workshop on “Improving Productivity through Health and Safety in Cold Storages” organized by Department of Labour, Govt. of NCT Delhi and COEH, 18^th August, 2000
“Master Trainer in Biomedical Waste Management” organized by Australian experts in Indo-Australian Project, held in LN Hospital, New Delhi, August 1999.
“Teacher's training course” held at the BP Koirala Institute of health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal, on 26th Sept. to 5th Oct. 1994.
“Management Workshop” held at the BP Koirala Institute of health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal, on 16th to 22nd Dec. 1994.
“Introduction to the Principles of Epidemiology” conducted by the Clinical Epidemiology Unit at the Centre of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Feb. 1993.
"Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI)" training course held at the National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bangalore, in Jan.1992.

Master TOT on Public Health and Response to Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak in October 19-21 2014 at NIHFW organized by MER department of Ministry of Health & Family Welfare Govt of India.
Master TOT on “Public Health and Response to MERS CoV Outbreak” in September 2014 at NIHFW organized by MER department of Ministry of Health & Family Welfare Govt of India.
“Training on Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus” at NIFHW conducted by MoHFW, Govt of India from 28 July to 31 July 2014.
Training of Master Trainers and Medical Officers in Rashtriya Kishore Swasthya Karyakaram on 19-22 August 2014 at NIHFW organized by the Adolescent Division of Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt of India.
One-day Sensitization programme on Attitude and Communication (AT-COM) module on 08-September-2015 attended at MCI Regional Center Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi 110002.
2^nd Contact Program of the MCI Fellowship in Medical Education held from 5-7 september 2015 at MCI Nodal Center for Faculty Development CMC, Ludhiana.
First Contact Program of the MCI Fellowship in Medical Education held from 24-28 Feb 2015 at MCI Nodal Center for Faculty Development, CMC, Ludhiana.
Harvard University. “PH207x: Health in Number: Quantitative Methods in Clinical and Public Health Research” 3 months course online 2012-13.
WHO Collaborating Center for Research and training in Mental Health, Lille, France from 20^th May 2010 to 27^th July 2010

“Teacher's training course” held at the BP Koirala Institute of health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal, on 26th Sept. to 5th Oct. 1994.
“Management Training” held at the BP Koirala Institute of health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal, on 16th to 22nd Dec. 1994.
“Introduction to the Principles of Epidemiology” conducted by the Clinical Epidemiology Unit at the Centre of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Feb. 1993.
"Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI)" training course held at the National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bangalore, in Jan.1992.
“National training Program on Occupational & Environmental Epidemiology” organized in collaboration with Centre for Occupational & Environmental Health, Berkeley, University of California, USA, held in New Delhi, October 1999.
“Master Trainer in Biomedical Waste Management” organized by Australian experts in Indo-Australian Project, held in LN Hospital, New Delhi, August 1999.

Recognition Certificates /Awards

Elected Fellow of Indian Society of Malaria and Other Communicable Diseases 2016
Loktantra ki Buniyaad has conferred “Sanvardhan Samman – 2016” and “Chikitsa Ratan” on 13 June 2016 for commendable work in the field of Medicine.
South Delhi Branch of IMA has given “President Appreciation Award” in the 36^th Annual Convetion on 17 Jan 2016.
Elected Fellow by International Medical Science Academy (FIMSA) in 2015
Elected Fellwo by National Academy of Medical Sceince (FNAMS) in October 2015
“Excellence Mentorship Award” by ADR Publication 2015
Honored “Senior Faculty Award 2013” by the IPHA Delhi State Branch on 22^nd Dec 2013 in their IPHA DSB Con 2013.
Honored Dr. S Radha Krishnan Memorial National Award of Honor 2013 on the eve of 126^th Birth Anniversary of Dr. S Radha Krishnan First Former President of India celebrated as National Teacher Day on 3rd September 2013.
Chief of Army Staff Award for the Best published article titled “Reverse Transcription Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification (RT-Lamp) for diagnosis of Dengue” in the field of Pathology and Allied Science for Year 2012 as Co-author.
Honored Fellowship of Indian Association of Preventive and Social Medicine (FIAPSM) Feb 2010.
Honored Fellowship of Indian Medical Association Academy of Medical Specialists (FIMAAMS) 2009.
Honored Dr. S Radha Krishnan Memorial National Social Service Award 2009 on the eve of 122^nd Birth Anniversary of Dr. S Radha Krishnan First Former President of India celebrated as National Teacher Day on 4^th September 2009 by the National Children and Women Development Charitable Trust.
Honored Dr. Radha Krishnan Memorial National Teacher Award 2007 on National Teacher Day 4^th September 2007 by National Children and Women Development Charitable Trust by the Mayor of Delhi in mega event celebration in Shah Auditorium.
Awarded Fellow of Indian Public Health Association (FIPHA) in Jan 19^th 2007.
Honored with the “Best Citizen of India Award” by the International Publishing House, New Delhi 2007 and Biography is also published.
Rashtrya Ekta Puruskar (National Unity Award) for best services in public health has been awarded by Asian Art & Culture Society, 26 August 2003.
The University of Queensland Brisbane Australia awarded for special contribution to Sub-Project 7: Strengthening the National Capital Center for Occupational & Environmental Health, Delhi, 1999-2001.
Biographical record is published in Marquis’ Who’s Who in the World 19^th Edition 2002 published from USA.
Madison Who’s Who honors for exemplary achievement and distinguished contributions to the business community appeared in 2005-2006 edition of Madison Who’s Who Professionals.
Delhi Medical Association awarded “Commendation Certificate” for contribution towards the development of specialty and in the recognition of humanitarian approach in day-to-day practices 2006.

Teaching and Professional Experiences

Institute

Post Held

From

Teaching/

Professional

MCI

1. Vardhman Mahavir Medical College & Safdarjung Hospital

2. Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi-2

3. Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi-2

4. Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi-2

5. Centre for Occupational & Environmental Health, LN Hospital, N Delhi-2

6. LRS Institute of TB & Allied Disease, New Delhi-30

7. Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi-2

8. BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal

9. Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi-1

All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 29

Casualty & Emergency

Male Family Planning & Sex Clinic at Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi 110002

Prof & Head

Professor

Associate Professor

Assistant Professor

Occupational Epidemiologist

Epidemiologist

Senior Resident (Teaching)

Senior Resident

(Teaching)

Senior Resident

(Teaching)

Junior Resident

(Teaching)

Junior Resident

2.5.2015 onward

1.5.2015 to

21.11.2006

21.11.2002 20.11.2006

21.11.2000

to 20.11.02

14.10.98-

21.11.2000

9.8.97

13.10.98

28.2.95-

7.7.97

26.8.94-

20.2.95

4.2.94-

26.8.94

1.1.91-

31.12.93

1.4.90-

30.6.90

1.7.90-

31.12.90

Planning, Executing, Coordinating, supervising the departmental activities and collaborating with various deptts and institutions

Teaching, Training, Research supervision of UG/PG & Intern,

Medical, Nursing, Social Work student, training of doctors, health workers on various health issues such as HIV, Swine Flu, Smoking, teaching methods, etc.

Research, Training, Teaching

Of medical & nursing professional

In occupational & Environ Health

Research, Evaluation, Training of professionals in National TB Control Programme

Teaching, supervision, training of UG/PG medical & Nursing Students, Conducting research

Teaching, Designing and implementation of integrated community based medical curriculum

Teaching, Training Research in Community Medicine

Teaching, Training of UG Medical Nursing Students, Conducting research

Attending emergency cases and providing medocolegal services

Counseling patients to accept Family Planning, Sex and Marriage, Conducting sterilization

YES

Academic and Scientific Publications

Author of following books

J Kishore. A Textbook for Health Worker and ANM. 2^nd edition, pp. 350; New Delhi: Century Publications 2016.
Amarjeet Singh, Sukhpal Kaur, Jugal Kishore. Comprehensive Textbook of Elderly Care. First edition 2014; New Delhi: Century Publication.
J Kishore’s National Health Programs of India: National Policies and Legislation related to health, Ed.11^th 2014 Jan, pp. 1000; New Delhi: Century Publications 2014.
Tanu Anand, Jugal Kishore, GK Ingle, Meena GS, Sangeeta Yadav. “Swasthyadayak Bhojan” New Delhi: Yukti Prakashan 2014.
J Kishore. A Dictionary of Public Health, Ed 3^rd pp 1093; New Delhi: Century Publications 2013.
Sanjay Kumar, Jugal Kishore. Inequity in Indian Healthcare: An analysis of women’s health. Saarbrücken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing GmbH & Co. Germany 2012. ISBN -13: 978-3-659-19185-5; ISBN – 10: 365919185x; EAN: 9783659191855
Jugal Kishore. Female Feticide: An Instigation of female status. Saarbrücken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing GmbH & Co. Germany 2012. ISBN -13: 978-3-659-15473-7; ISBN – 10: 3659154733; EAN: 9783659154737
Nupur Agarwal, Jugal Kishore, GK Ingle. How to prevent and manage your low back pain: A guide for healthy posture and lifestyle. ISBN 978-3-659-15872-8, Paperback, pp80. Saarbrücken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing GmbH & Co. Germany 2012.
Suman Lata, Jugal Kishore, Gurmeet Singh. Breastfeeding and College Girls: An exploratory study to assess the knowledge and attitude of College girls regarding breastfeeding. SBN 978-3-8484-9882-6, Paperback. Saarbrücken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing GmbH & Co. Germany 2012.
Medha Goyal Charu Kohli, Jugal Kishore. Effect of Educational Booklet on Depression. ISBN 978-3-659-10276-9. Saarbrücken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing GmbH & Co. Germany 2012
J Kishore. A Textbook for Health Worker and Midwife. 1^st edition, pp. 300; New Delhi: Century Publications 2012.
J Kishore, I Grewal. Practical and Viva in Community Medicine. 2^nd Edition. New Delhi: Century Publications 2012.
J Kishore. Question Bank Community Medicine. 1^st Ed. New Delhi: Century Publications 2011.
J Kishore. Practical and Viva: Community Medicine. Ed.1^st 2010, pp. 450; New Delhi: Century Publications 2010.
J Kishore. Bhrun Hatiya: Apradhi Kaun? (Hindi translated by Dr. Panna Lal) Ed 1^st, ISBN978-81-88132-17-1, pp 144; New Delhi: Century Publications 2008.
J Kishore. A Dictionary of Public Health, Ed 2^nd, ISBN 81-881320-10-0, pp 1050; New Delhi: Century Publications 2007.
J Kishore. “The Vanishing Girl Child” 1^st ed Century Publications, New Delhi 25.
J Kishore. “A Text of Health for Health Workers”, 2^nd Ed Century Publications New Delhi 25

J Kishore, GK Ingle. Biomedical Waste Management in India. ISBN 818813208-X, pp 144, 1^st Edition, 2004, Century Publications New Delhi.
J Kishore. A Textbook of Health for Health Workers. 1^st Edition 2004, Century Publications New Delhi.

J Kishore. National Health Programmes of India: National policies and legislation related to health, Ed. 3^rd 2002, Century Publications, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi
J Kishore & P C Ray. “Pioneering Social Reformers of India” 2001; Wisdom Publications, New Delhi, 2001. In Hindi Bharat Ke Agrani Samaj Sudharak 2002.
Ishwar Ke Bina Jeena. (Living without God-Translated to Hindi by BP Nidaria and Jugal Kishore) Published by Century Publication, New Delhi 2000
J Kishore. “Comprehensive Review of Community Medicine”, based on MCQ and important notes, Ed. 1998, Century Publications, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi
P C Ray & J Kishore. “The Great Warriors of Human Rights Movement From India” Ed. 1998; Wisdom Publication, New Delhi. In Hindi Manav Adhikar Andolan Ke Bharatiya Yoddha 2002.
Jugal Kishore. “Bhavnayen” An Anthology of Hindi Poems, JK Indu Parkashan, New Delhi.1994.

1994Scientific Research Papers Publications200 papers published in national and international journal

Research & Management Skills

Principal Investigator. “Feasibility study of Screening tool for Diabetes prevalence in rural area of Delhi” ICMR Project 2011-12.
Project Consultant: “A Health Survey to Determine the Adverse Health Impact of Pollution in Delhi” A Report (1998) of Society for Environment and Health (SEH) submitted to Delhi Kalyan Samiti, the Govt. of NCT Delhi.
Project Coordinator: “Identifying Principal Occupational Exposures and Outcome in Selected Industrial Units in Delhi”. A Report (1998) submitted to the WHO.
Epidemiologist: Worked as epidemiologist in the Center for Occupational & Environmental Health Project of the COEH 1998-2000.
Evaluator to validate Research tools of BSc and MSc nursing and medical students of Rufaida College of Nursing Jamia Hamdard, Ahilya Bai College of Nursing, Lok Nayak Hospital, MD, PhD Students of MAMC since 1998 onward.
Course Co-Director: Workshop on Improving Productivity through Health and Safety in Cold Storages organized by Department of Labor, Govt. of NCT Delhi and COEH, 18^th August, 2000.
Course Coordinator and Resource person: Training program for Medical Personal in Biomedical Waste Management since 1998-99.
PG In-charge: PG teaching curriculum program run by the department of community medicine, MAMC 2002-2004 and 2007-2008.
Member of Committee of Course and Studies in the Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Delhi, from 2007-09.
Transport In-charge: the department for rural and urban field training of undergraduate and postgraduate student 2002-2004.
Team leader: Qualitative Survey of wild virus polio cases in West UP; UNICEF, New Delhi.
Member of Scientific Program Committee. National Annual Conference of IAPSM organized by Center for Community Medicine AIIMS, New Delhi in Feb 2007.
Member of Governing Council of “Wellness Health and You” (WHY) Chain of Lotus Clinics in India and Delhi.
Team Worker of Rapid Multi-Indicators Survey of UNICEF conducted by the Department of PSM, Lady Harding Medical College, New Delhi.
Team Worker of Multi-Indicators Survey of UNICEF conducted by Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi.
Appraisal: Implementation of Revised National TB Control Program in two districts – Lucknow and Barabanki of Uttar Pradesh in July 1998 on behalf of Ministry of Health, Govt. of India.
Assessor and Evaluator: DNB course in Family Medicine and Community Medicine.
Observer: DNB theory examinations conducted in Nagpur 2005, in Patna 2005, and Kolkata in 2006, Guwahati 2006, Goa in 2007, Hyderabad 2008, Trivandrum June 2009.
Observer: MCI Medical Education Technology Orientation workshop for medical teachers in 2010 (Era Medical College, Lucknow), 2012 (KGMC Lucknow), 2015 (SGT Medical College, Gurgaon).
Chairman (2006) and member (2007) of the Recruitment Board ANM of Directorate of Family Welfare, Govt. of NCT Delhi.
Chairman (2009) of the recruitment panel to screen the Multi-skilled Assistants and clerks of National Board of Examination on 14^th July 2009 (Adm/NBE/2009/3283 dated 13^th July 2009)
Member of Interview Board for the posts of State & District Program Managers and MIS Expert/Consultant for NRHM Government of NCT of Delhi on 11-12 December 2007.
Treasurer of Cultural Program of Azad Medicos Association of Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi
Election Officer: Conducting Election of Azad Medicos Association for last 4 years as election officer.
Institutional Ethical Review Board of National Institute of Health & Family Welfare, New Delhi 2014 onward

Life Membership of Professional Bodies.

International Epidemiology Association (Life)
Indian Association of Epidemiologists (Life)
National Academy of Medical Sciences, India (Life)
Indian Medical Professional Association (Life)
Indian Association of Occupational Health (National & Delhi Branches) (LM)
Indian Association of Adolescent Health; Secretary General (2012-onward)
Indian Association for Air Pollution Control (LM 369/2006)
Indian Public Health Association (National & Delhi branches) (LM/1996/DEL/0630); Also Delhi Branch (Joint Secretary 2006-2009)
Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine (LM/0641); also Delhi Branch
Indian Medical Association and also South Delhi Branch (LM SDB-943)
Indian Psychiatric Society (LOM/J09/05)
Delhi Psychiatry Society (LOM/J09/05)
Indian Association of Malaria and other Communicable Diseases (LM)
Indian Society for Medical Statistics (LM)
Indian Academy of Geriatrics (Life Member Associate 209/2008)
IMA Academy of Medical Science (LM)
Indian Medical Association Academy of Medical Specialists (IMAAMS) 2009
Social Medicine Association (LM/2007)
Society for Cancer Research (Life)
Director (Hony) Center for Inquiry (India) an international body
Founder President & trustee of KISHORE Foundation (2006)
Founder President & trustee of SABASVA Foundation (1996)

Charu Kohli

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Biomedical Waste Management Practices in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Delhi

Surabhi Chaudhary, Jugal Kishore, Charu Kohli

Abstract

Introduction: The practices by healthcare workers in handling biomedical waste (BMW) are of great importance as it directly influences the environment around them and patients.

Objective: To assess the current status of biomedical waste management in a tertiary hospital and suggesting remedial measures.

Methods: A sample of 64 healthcare workers (HCW) participated, which included 32 nurses, 17 nursing orderlies and sanitary workers, and 15 doctors to provide information practices, hygiene, facilities available, etc. 20 facilities/ wards were included in the observation using checklist on BMW management.

Analysis: After collection of data compilation was done in Microsoft Excel sheets. The interpretation is made on BMW segregation, hygiene of facility, provision of facilities, safety measures, BMW management training, etc.

Result: The BMW practices of untrained and trained staff were comparable with little difference. Among the three categories of HCW, all showed equal percentage of correctness of practices. Nursing orderlies had least knowledge. Hygiene was maintained but corners were found in general unclean. Many respondents were unsure how liquid chemical waste and toxic spills are handled in the facilities. The posters were present but they were small in size and difficult to read. In two facilities, additional notices were placed over the bins. Injury risk was more among those who had received BMW training.

Conclusion: BMW management in a tertiary hospital was not adequate and monitoring in general, and effective supervision of workers in particular, is required. Posters can be made more meaningful by proper designing.

Keywords

Healthcare worker, Waste management, Needle stick injury.

Full Text:

PDF

References

WHO. Guidelines on Prevention and Control of Hospital Associated Infections, SEA-HLM-343. WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia, New Delhi, Jan 2002.

Kishore J, Joshi TK, Sagar B. Occupational injuries in a teaching hospital. 5th World Conference on Injury Prevention and Control, New Delhi, Feb 2000.

Gurubacharya DL, Mathura KC, Karki DB. Knowledge, attitude and practices among healthcare workers on needle-stick injuries. Kathmandu University Medical Journal (KUMJ) 2003; 1(2): 91-94.

Saini S, Nagarajan SS, Sarma RK. Knowledge, attitude and practices of bio-medical waste management amongst staff of a tertiary level

hospital in India. J Academy of Hospital Administration 2005; 17(2): 1-12.

Singru SA, Banerjee A. Occupational Exposure to blood and body fluids among healthcare workers in a teaching hospital in Mumbai, India. Ind J of Community Medicine 2007; 33(1): 26-30.

Urban Crisis. New Delhi: Frontline. May 05-18, 2007; 24: 9. Available from: http://www.hindu onnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=20070518001108800.htm&date=fl249/&prd=fline.

Pandit NB, Mehta HK, Kartha GP et al. Management of bio-medical waste: Awareness and practices in a district of Gujarat. Indian J Public Health Oct-Dec 2005; 49(4): 245-47.

Srivastav S, Mahajan H, Mathur BP. Evaluation of bio-medical waste management practices in a government medical college and hospital. National Journal of Community Medicine 2012; 3(1): 80-84.

Sengodan VC, Amruth KH. Knowledge attitude and practice study on biomedical waste management among healthcare professionals and paramedical students in a tertiary care government hospital in South India. Int J Env Health Eng 2014; 3: 11.

Jindal AK, Gupta A, Grewal VS et al. Biomedical waste disposal: A systems analysis. Med J Armed Forces India Oct 2013; 69(4): 351-56.

Bekele T, Gebremariam A, Kaso M et al. Factors associated with occupational needle stick and sharps injuries among hospital healthcare workers in Bale Zone, Southeast Ethiopia. PLoS One 2015; 10(10): e0140382.

Mathur V, Dwivedi S, Hassan MA et al. Knowledge, attitude, and practices about biomedical waste management among healthcare personnel: A cross-sectional study. Indian J Community Med Apr-Jun 2011; 36(2): 143-45.

Kishore J, Agarwal R, Kohli C et al. Status of biomedical waste management in nursing homes of Delhi, India. J Clin Diagn Res Mar 2014; 8(3): 56-58.

Kishore J, Ingle GK. Biomedical waste management in India. Century Publication, 2004.

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